SPN 102 - Estructuras
Lección 7 En el consultorio
Irregular Preterites 310 (Lección 9)
The imperfect tense 342 (Lección 10)
The preterite and the imperfect 346
Constructions with se 350
Recapitulación 356
Lección 8 La tecnología
Adverbs 354 (Lección 10)
Familiar commands 378
Por y para 382
Reciprocal reflexives 386
Lección 9 La vivienda
Relative pronouns 414
Formal commands 418
The present subjunctive 422
Recapitulación 430
Lección 10 En la ciudad
Subjunctive with verbs of will 426 (Lección 12)
Nosotros/as commands 490
Past participles used as adjectives 493
Recapitulación 496
Lección 11 El bienestar/El mundo del trabajo
The present perfect 518
The future 550
The future perfect 554
Recapitulación 560
Lección 12 Festival de Arte/Actualidades
The conditional 584
The conditional perfect 588
Recapitulación 594
Si clauses 618
Recapitulación 626
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12.2 Formal Commands- Erika Murphy
ReplyDeleteFormal Commands are used with people you address as usted or ustedes.
Example: Hable con ellos, Don Franciso. (Talk with them, Don Franciso.)
The usted and ustedes commands like the negative tu commands are fromed by dropping the final –o of the yo form of the present tense. –ar verbs add –e or –en. –er and –ir verbs add –a or –an.
Verbs ending in –car, -gar and –zar have a spelling change in the command forms.
Examples: Sacar- -c to –ue, jugar- -g to –ue, and almorzar- -z to –c.
To make a formal command negative simply place a no before the verb.
Facts about spanish adverbs!
ReplyDelete-adverbs describe how, when, and where actions take place.
-adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
-the most common adverbs end in -mente
-when they end in -mente, then they usually follow a verb.
Forming adverbs!
To form adverbs, simply put mente to the feminine form of the adjective!
If it does not have a feminine form, add it to the standard form!
Examples!
seguro Seguaramente
fabuloso fabulsamente
enorme enormente
facil facilmente
Imperfect Tense
ReplyDelete-ar -er -ir
yo -aba -ía -ía
tu -abas -ías -ías
ud. -aba -ía -ía
nos. -ábamos -íamos -íamos
uds. -aban -ían -ían
There are no stem changes in the imperfect tense.
Hay (there is) = Había (there was/were/used to be)
There are only 3 irregular verbs.
ir ser ver
yo iba era veía
tu ibas eras veías
ud. iba era veía
nos. íbamos éramos veíamos
Uds. iban eran veían
Uses of imperfect -
1. Habitiual or repeated actions
- íbamos al parque.
2. Events or actions that were in progress
- Yo leía mientras.
3. Physical Characteristics
- Era alto.
4. Mental or Emotional States
- Quería mucho a su familia.
5. Telling Time
- Eran las ocho.
6. Age
- Ella tenía veinte años.
Common expressions in the Imperfect Tense
1. de niño/a = as a child
2. todos los dias = every day
3. mientras = while
12.2 Formal Commands REVISED erika murphy
ReplyDeleteFormal Commands are used with people you address as usted or ustedes.
Example: Hable con ellos, Don Franciso. (Talk with them, Don Franciso.)
The usted and ustedes commands like the negative tu commands are fromed by dropping the final –o of the yo form of the present tense. –ar verbs add –e or –en. –er and –ir verbs add –a or –an.
Examples: Limpiar- limpie or limpier
Barrer- barra or barran
Verbs ending in –car, -gar and –zar have a spelling change in the command forms.
Examples: Sacar- -c to –ue, jugar- -g to –ue, and almorzar- -z to –c.
To make a formal command negative simply place a no before the verb.
Examples: No ponga las maletas en la cama. (Don't put the suitcases on the bed.)
No ensucien los sillones.
(Don't dirty the armchairs.)
Remember that affirmitive commands, reflexive, indirect and direct object pronouns are always attached to the end of the verb.
Examples: Sigame, Lauren.
Ponganlas en el suelo, por favor.
In negative commands, these pronouns always follow the verb.
Examples:No me lo de.
No se preocupe.
The Preterite and the Imperfect
ReplyDelete-The preterite and the imperfect are not interchangeable.
-Preterite: Only happens once, or it happens and it is over.
-Imperfect: Ongoing or habitual actions.
Uses of Preterite
1. Express actions viewed by speaker as completed.
Example: Fueron a Buenos Aires ayer.
2.Express beginning or end of past action.
Example: La pelicula empezo a las nueve.
3. Narrate a series of past actions or events.
Example: Me di con la mesa, me cai y me lastime el pie.
Use of Imperfect
1.Describe an ongoing past action with no reference to its beginning or end.
Example: Don Francisco esperaba a Javier.
2. Express habitual past actions and events
Example: Cuando era joven, jugaba al tenis.
3. Describe physical and emotional states or characteristics
Example: Ellos eran altos y tenian ojos verdes.
IRREGULAR PRETERITES
ReplyDeleteConstructions with se
ReplyDelete-Can be used to form constructions in which the person performing the action is not expressed or defined.
Example: Se habla espanol en Costa Rica.
Spanish is spoken in Costa Rica.
-Impersonal se is often seen in signs, advertisements, and directions.
-Describes unplanned events or accidents. The person who performs the action, it is not his or her responsibility.
Example: se[+]indirect object[+]verb[+]subject
Relative pronouns in Spanish are used to connect the subordinate clause with an antecedent in the main clause. They are never omitted in this language.
ReplyDeleteque- that; which; who
quien(es)- who; whom; that
lo que- that which; what
Que is the most common relative pronoun and is invariable in form. Que may refer to both people and things regardless of gender and number, and may also be used as a subject or an object.
Quien, quienes(who, whom) refer only to people. Quien is normally used after the prepositions a, de, con, and en.
Unlike que and quien(es), lo que doesn't refer to a specific noun. It refers to an idea, a situation, or a past event.
Por and Para
ReplyDeletePor and para are two different ways of saying “for.” They are not interchangeable, however.
Use Por for
Motion or a general location (around, through, along, by)
Ex: Pasamos por el rio. (We passed by the river)
Duration of an action (for, during, in)
Ex: Estuve en la Florida por a la semana. (I was in Florida for a week.)
Reason or motive for an action (because of, on account of, on behalf of)
Ex: Lo hiza por su amiga. (She did it on behalf of her friend.)
Object of a search (for, in search of)
Ex: Martin fue por su claves. (Martin went in search of his keys.)
Means by which something is done (by, by way of, by means of)
Ex: Sarah viaja a California por la avión. (Sarah travels to California by airplane.)
Exchange or substitution (for, in exchange for)
Ex: Muchas gracias por mi regalo de cumpleaños. (Thank you very much for my birthday present.
Unit of measure (per, by)
Ex: Ella manejaba 60 millas por hora. (She was driving 60 miles per hour.)
Use Para for
Destination (toward, in the direction of)
Ex: Salimos para escuela en cinco minutos. (We are leaving for school in five minutes.)
Deadline or a specific time in the future (by, for)
El chico va a motor para mañana. (The boy will fix the engine by tomorrow.)
Purpose or goal + [infinitive] (in order to)
Ex: La chica escribe para la clase de Inglés. (The girl is writing for English class.)
Purpose + [noun](for, used for)
Ex: Es gasolina para su coche. (It is gasoline for your car.)
The recipient of something (for)
Ex: Compré un regalo por tú. (I bought a present for you.)
Comparison with others or an opinion (for, considering)
Ex: Para mi, esta clase es muy difícil. (For me, this class is very difficult.)
In the employ of (for)
Ex: La chica trabaja para la biblioteca. (The girl works for the library.)
Eric Okey 02 de abril 2009
ReplyDeleteEric Okeyo- 02 de abril de 2009
ReplyDeleteIRREGULAR PRETERITE
The endings of these verbs are the regular preterite endings of –er/-ir verbs except for the yo and usted forms.
PRETERITE OF TENER,VENIR & DECIR.
TENER(U-STEM) PLURAL
SINGULAR
Yo tuve tuvimos
Tú tuviste tuvistéis
Ud/el/ella tuvo tuvieron
EJEMPLO:
El hermano de Elsa no vino porque tuvo que trabajar.
VENIR(I-STEM) PLURAL
SINGULAR
Yo vine vinimos
tu viniste vinisteis
ud/el/ella vino vinieron
EJEMPLO:
Los amigos y parientes de López vinieron y trajeron regalos.
DECIR(J-STEM) PLURAL
SINGULAR
Yo dije dijimos
tu dijiste dijisteis
ud/el/ella dijo dijeron
EJEMPLO:
Produjimos un documental sobre los accidentes en la casa.
NOTE: Most verbs that end in –cir are J-Stem verbs in the preterite.
EJEMPLO:
Producir-produje,produjiste
PRETERITE OF DAR PLURAL
SINGULAR
Yo di dimos
tu diste disteis
ud/el/ella dio dieron
EJEMPLO:
La camarera me dio el menu.
The present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.
ReplyDeleteThe present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
The examples below are used for the verb “comer”
He comido (I have eaten)
Has comido (You have eaten)
Ha comido (He has eaten)
Hemos comido (We have eaten)
Habéis comido (you-all have eaten)
Han comido. (They have eaten)
When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies. However, when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes.
1- Past participle used as an adjective:
La cuenta está pagada.
The bill is paid.
2-Past participle used in the present perfect tense:
He pagado la cuenta.
I have paid the bill.
The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber.
No he comido---- i have not eaten.
No has comido--- you have not eaten.
No ha comido---- he has not eaten....
14.2:NOSOTROS/AS COMMANDS
ReplyDeleteNosotros/as commands are used to give orders or suggestions that include yourself and other people.
These commands correspond with Let's.
Both affirmative and negative nosotros/as are formed by using the first person plural form and the present subjunctive.
Ex: Bailemos! No bailemos.
Let's dance! Let's not dance.
The affirmative Let's + [verb] command may also be expressed with vamos a + [infinitive].
REMEMBER: vamos a + [infinitive] can also mean we are going to (do something). It's the context or tone of voice that determine which is meaning is being expressed.
Ex: Vamos a bailar. Vamos a bailar todas
Let's dance. las noches.
We're going to dance
all night.
To express Let's go, the present indicative form of ir(vamos)is used, not the subjunctive. The subjunctive is used in the negative command.
Ex: Vamos a la playa. No vayamos a la playa.
Let's go to the Let's not go to the
beach. beach.
Object pronouns are always attatched to affirmative nosotros/as commands. An accent is added to maintain the original stress.
Ex: Jugemos el voleibol.
Let's play volleyball.
Jugemoslo.
Let's play it.
Object pronouns are placed in front of the negative nosotros/as commands.
Ex: No les peguemos el prestamo.