SUSTANTIVOS/NOMBRES
* Nouns: In Spanish, all nouns are either masculine or feminine.
* Most masculine nouns end in ‘o’: el banco; most feminine end in ‘a’: la banca.
* Many nouns end in ‘a’ or ‘ma’: el clima, el día, el poema, el sistema. Some feminine nouns end ‘o’: la foto, la mano.
* Nouns with ending –dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre, -ión, -ie, -cia, -ez, -eza, -nza, -sis, and –it is are usually feminine: la ciudad, la crisis, la libertad, la multitude, la nación, la tesis, la verdad.
* Nouns that refer to people (and some animals) that end in –or, -és, -ón and –in are usually masculine and add –a to make the feminine noun form: el anfitrión-la anfitriona, el asesor- la asesora, el bailarín-la bailarina.
* Nouns that end in –aje, ambre, -or, án or in a stressed vowel are usually masculine: el amor, el calambre, el champú.
* In forming the feminine, some nouns that refer to people (or some animals) change only their article but not their form. Many of these nouns end in –e, -a, -ista, -nte, or a consonant: el agente/la agente, el artista/la artista, el altleta/la atleta.
* Sometimes the feminine form of a noun is not predictable from the masculine: el actor/la actriz, el emperador/la emperatriz, el rey/la reyna.
Notes on the formation of the plural: (p. 200)
ADJETIVOS
Adjectives that have a masculine singular ending in a consonant or in –e have only two forms: singular and plural: difícil/difíciles; triste/tristes.
Adjectives that end in the suffixes –dor, -ón, and –án add –a to form the feminine. Hablador, habladora, habladores, habladoras.
Position of Adjectives
(1) Descriptive adjectives usually follow the noun they modify: la estudiante aplicada, el profesor peruano.
(2) Adjectives can precede nouns when they express an inherent characteristic of the noun that is known to all and do not add any new information: la blanca nieve, las olorosa rosas.
(3) Adjective can precede nouns when they express a subjective judgment of the speaker. Bueno, malo, and their comparatives mejor, peor fall into this category. Tenemos grandes amigos, Maritza es una buena persona.
(4) Adjectives that express quantity precede the noun: mucho, poco, bastante, suficiente, cuánto, alguno, ninguno, ambos, varios: No gano mucho dinero, El tiene pocos amigos.
(5) Adjectives can appear after exclamations with ¡Qué!: ¡Qué buena suerte!
Some adjectives have different English equivalents, depending of whether they precede or follow the nouns they modify:
Nuestro antiguo jefe ≠ Una ciudad Antigua; Cierto país ≠ Una cosa cierta; Una nueva casa ≠ Una casa nueva; El mismo profesor ≠ El profesor mismo; Un pobre hombre = Un hombre pobre; un gran presidente ≠ un hombre grande; diferentes libros ≠ libros diferentes; medio mexicano; mexicano medio; prefiero beber pura agua≠ prefiero beber agua pura; Alex es un simple camarero; Juan es un hombre simple; me interesa cualquier película mexicana; vamos a ver una película cualquiera; María es la única mexicana aquí ≠ María es una chica única.
The past participle as an ADJECTIVE:
El ladrón entró por la puerta abierta.(The thief got in through the open door).
The Spanish past participle is used to describe positions of people and objects where the present participle is used in English. Todos están sentados (Everyone is sitting).
Wednesday, February 22, 2012
Monday, February 20, 2012
SPN 101: Weely Actividades Semana 6/7
SPN 101 Weekly Actividades Semana 6/7
Prepositions: A-DE
Actividad 1. Read Book uses “A”, “DE” (U9: p. 96; U10: p. 104) and then notes below.
“A” indicates direction toward or to.
Voy al cine una vez al mes. (I go to the movies once a month)
¿Viaja a El Salvador, Dr. Moreno? (Are you going to El Salvador, Dr. Moreno)
Nosotros caminamos a la iglesia. (We are going to walk to church)
Él da cinco dólares a mi hermana. (He gives five dollars to my sister)
Personal “A”
When a human being or person is the direct object of the verb, the direct object/person must be preceded by the word “A”. This “A”, which is not strictly a preposition, is known as the personal “A”, or “A” personal.
Human Being/Person as Direct Object Nonhuman as Direct Object
Yo veo a Sandra. (Yo veo a Sandra) Yo veo la gata. (I see the cat)
Tú ves al doctor. (You see the doctor) Tú ves el carro del doctor. (You see the doctor’s car)
The following verbs take A personal: amar, hablar, escuchar, buscar, esperar, esperar, preguntar, besar, cantar, molestar, matar, pegar, cuidar, deber, contestar, describir y ver.
“A” is used after certain verbs and before an infinitive that complements the idea of the sentence. (enseñar-to teach, ayudar – to help, aprender-to learn).
1. Corro a comprar el nuevo diccionario. I am running to buy the new dictionary.
2. Vamos a escribir el trabajo de historia. We are going to write my history paper.
3. Ellos enseñan a leer a los niños. They teach the children to read.
4. Ud. ayuda a mi hermana a leer bien. You are helping my sister to read well.
5. Tú aprendes a hablar español. You are learning to speak Spanish.
ACTIVIDAD 2. Write ten sentences in Spanish using the personal A. Use the verbs mentioned in B.
Preposition “DE”
”DE” indicates the place from: origin, the topic of or about.
¿De dónde son ustedes? Origin: from Where are you (pl) from?
Somos de San Martín. Origin: from We are from San Martín.
¿De qué hablan ellos? Topic: of, about What are they talking about?
Hablamos de la clase. Topic: of, about They are speaking of/about the class.
DE + EL= DEL (from the; of the; about the). DE+ LA, DE+ LOS, DE+ LAS
Ellos son del sur. They are from the south.
Hablo de la película. I am speaking about the movie.
DE indicates the owner (possessor) of Spanish just as ‘S indicates the owner in English.
Es de Natalia. No es de Rubí. It’s Natalia’s. It is not Rubi’s.
Es de los estudiantes. It’s the students’.
DE indicates ownership word order
The “possession” –the object owned- stands before DE and the owner, unlike English.
La oficina del profesor Salazar. Professor Salazar’s office.
Los libros de las chicas. The girls’ books.
¿De quién es la tarea? Whose is the homework?
E. DE indicates material (composition)
Materials: de algodón (cotton), de cuero (leather), de hierro (iron), de lana (wool), de madera (Wood) de plástico (plastic), de oro (gold), de piedra (stone), de plata (silver), de seda (silk)
Mi camisa de es de algodón. My shirt is made of cotton.
El reloj no es de oro. The watch is not made of gold.
Esta chompa es de lana de alpaca. This sweater is made of Alpaca wool.
ACTIVIDAD 1. Translate these sentences.
Mi amiga Patricia es de Trujillo, Perú.
¿De dónde es usted?
Yo soy de Hartford, KY.
Ustedes conversan de política.
Hablamos de la candidata y de los candidatos.
La hija (daughter) de Maritza tiene una linda (nice) personalidad.
A: ¿De quién es este libro? B: Es de Pablo.
¿Cuántos años tiene la hermana de Pedro?
Esta camisa es de algodón.
Esta mesa no es de plástico.
Bailamos salsa los fines de semana.
Prepositions: A-DE
Actividad 1. Read Book uses “A”, “DE” (U9: p. 96; U10: p. 104) and then notes below.
“A” indicates direction toward or to.
Voy al cine una vez al mes. (I go to the movies once a month)
¿Viaja a El Salvador, Dr. Moreno? (Are you going to El Salvador, Dr. Moreno)
Nosotros caminamos a la iglesia. (We are going to walk to church)
Él da cinco dólares a mi hermana. (He gives five dollars to my sister)
Personal “A”
When a human being or person is the direct object of the verb, the direct object/person must be preceded by the word “A”. This “A”, which is not strictly a preposition, is known as the personal “A”, or “A” personal.
Human Being/Person as Direct Object Nonhuman as Direct Object
Yo veo a Sandra. (Yo veo a Sandra) Yo veo la gata. (I see the cat)
Tú ves al doctor. (You see the doctor) Tú ves el carro del doctor. (You see the doctor’s car)
The following verbs take A personal: amar, hablar, escuchar, buscar, esperar, esperar, preguntar, besar, cantar, molestar, matar, pegar, cuidar, deber, contestar, describir y ver.
“A” is used after certain verbs and before an infinitive that complements the idea of the sentence. (enseñar-to teach, ayudar – to help, aprender-to learn).
1. Corro a comprar el nuevo diccionario. I am running to buy the new dictionary.
2. Vamos a escribir el trabajo de historia. We are going to write my history paper.
3. Ellos enseñan a leer a los niños. They teach the children to read.
4. Ud. ayuda a mi hermana a leer bien. You are helping my sister to read well.
5. Tú aprendes a hablar español. You are learning to speak Spanish.
ACTIVIDAD 2. Write ten sentences in Spanish using the personal A. Use the verbs mentioned in B.
Preposition “DE”
”DE” indicates the place from: origin, the topic of or about.
¿De dónde son ustedes? Origin: from Where are you (pl) from?
Somos de San Martín. Origin: from We are from San Martín.
¿De qué hablan ellos? Topic: of, about What are they talking about?
Hablamos de la clase. Topic: of, about They are speaking of/about the class.
DE + EL= DEL (from the; of the; about the). DE+ LA, DE+ LOS, DE+ LAS
Ellos son del sur. They are from the south.
Hablo de la película. I am speaking about the movie.
DE indicates the owner (possessor) of Spanish just as ‘S indicates the owner in English.
Es de Natalia. No es de Rubí. It’s Natalia’s. It is not Rubi’s.
Es de los estudiantes. It’s the students’.
DE indicates ownership word order
The “possession” –the object owned- stands before DE and the owner, unlike English.
La oficina del profesor Salazar. Professor Salazar’s office.
Los libros de las chicas. The girls’ books.
¿De quién es la tarea? Whose is the homework?
E. DE indicates material (composition)
Materials: de algodón (cotton), de cuero (leather), de hierro (iron), de lana (wool), de madera (Wood) de plástico (plastic), de oro (gold), de piedra (stone), de plata (silver), de seda (silk)
Mi camisa de es de algodón. My shirt is made of cotton.
El reloj no es de oro. The watch is not made of gold.
Esta chompa es de lana de alpaca. This sweater is made of Alpaca wool.
ACTIVIDAD 1. Translate these sentences.
Mi amiga Patricia es de Trujillo, Perú.
¿De dónde es usted?
Yo soy de Hartford, KY.
Ustedes conversan de política.
Hablamos de la candidata y de los candidatos.
La hija (daughter) de Maritza tiene una linda (nice) personalidad.
A: ¿De quién es este libro? B: Es de Pablo.
¿Cuántos años tiene la hermana de Pedro?
Esta camisa es de algodón.
Esta mesa no es de plástico.
Bailamos salsa los fines de semana.
SPN SPN 202: Primavera 2012 Actividades Semanales No. 6
SPN 202 Weekly Activities Semana 6
3. INFINITIVES
Verbs that can followed by an INFINITIVE: conseguir, creer, deber, decidir, dejar, desear, esperar, impedir, intentar, lograr, mandar, necesitar, ofrecer, oír, olvidar, pensar, permitir, poder (ue), preferir (ie), pretender, procurar, prohibir, prometer, querer (ie), recordar (ue), resolver (ue), saber, sentir (ie), soler, temer, ver.
Translate: (1) I believe I’ll go to the party; (2) Do you (formal) hear her singing? (3) I want to practice more Spanish; (4) She regrets not going; (5) They promised they would do it.
Conjugated Verb + Preposition + Infinitive
Verbs followed by A: acercarse, acostumbrarse, animar, aprender, atreverse, ayudar, comenzar (ie), cuidar a/de, decidirse, dedicarse, disponerse, echar(se), empezar, enseñar, invitar, ir, llegar, llevar, meterse, negarse, obligar, persuadir, ponerse, prepararse, renunciar, volver (ue)
Translate: (1) I am getting used to watching romantic movies; (2) Aldo helps to take care of his mom; (3) Mom is starting to do her exercises; (4) Veronica refuses to speak about it; (5) I am painting again.
Verbs followed by DE: acabar de, acordarse (ue), arrepentirse, avergonzarse, cuidar de/a, dejar de, encargarse de, jactarse de, olvidarse de, presumir de, terminar de, tratar de.
Translate: (1) I have just done my homework; (2) Beto gets embarrassed to sing in public; (3) Nora takes care of managing the budget; (4) I am forgetting to write the book; (5) Ivan is trying to forvgive.
Verbs followed by CON: amenazar, contar (ue), soñar
Translate: Carmen dreams about being a singer
Verbs followed by POR: empezar (ie), esforzarse (ue); interesarse, optar, votar
Translate: I am interested in helping the poor.
Expressions:
Tener que hacer algo: To have to do something
Translate: We have to go to the meeting.
Hay que hacer algo: One must do something.
Translate: One must talk more directly.
TAREA: 22 Febrero, 2012
Explicar brevemente sección teórica. Luego explicar los ejercicios asignados
sobre NOUNS y ADJETIVOS.
Nouns and Articles: Ejercicio J (10 oraciones); p. 207: Esperanza.
Nouns and Articles: Ejercicio T (10 oraciones); p. 215: Enrique.
Adjectives: Ejercicio C (7 oraciones); p. 219: Carmen.
Adjectives: Ejercicio H (10 oraciones); p. 223: Margarita.
Adjectives: Ejercicio P (8 oraciones); p. 232: María.
Adjectives: Ejercicio Z (10oraciones); p. 238: Tillo.
3. INFINITIVES
Verbs that can followed by an INFINITIVE: conseguir, creer, deber, decidir, dejar, desear, esperar, impedir, intentar, lograr, mandar, necesitar, ofrecer, oír, olvidar, pensar, permitir, poder (ue), preferir (ie), pretender, procurar, prohibir, prometer, querer (ie), recordar (ue), resolver (ue), saber, sentir (ie), soler, temer, ver.
Translate: (1) I believe I’ll go to the party; (2) Do you (formal) hear her singing? (3) I want to practice more Spanish; (4) She regrets not going; (5) They promised they would do it.
Conjugated Verb + Preposition + Infinitive
Verbs followed by A: acercarse, acostumbrarse, animar, aprender, atreverse, ayudar, comenzar (ie), cuidar a/de, decidirse, dedicarse, disponerse, echar(se), empezar, enseñar, invitar, ir, llegar, llevar, meterse, negarse, obligar, persuadir, ponerse, prepararse, renunciar, volver (ue)
Translate: (1) I am getting used to watching romantic movies; (2) Aldo helps to take care of his mom; (3) Mom is starting to do her exercises; (4) Veronica refuses to speak about it; (5) I am painting again.
Verbs followed by DE: acabar de, acordarse (ue), arrepentirse, avergonzarse, cuidar de/a, dejar de, encargarse de, jactarse de, olvidarse de, presumir de, terminar de, tratar de.
Translate: (1) I have just done my homework; (2) Beto gets embarrassed to sing in public; (3) Nora takes care of managing the budget; (4) I am forgetting to write the book; (5) Ivan is trying to forvgive.
Verbs followed by CON: amenazar, contar (ue), soñar
Translate: Carmen dreams about being a singer
Verbs followed by POR: empezar (ie), esforzarse (ue); interesarse, optar, votar
Translate: I am interested in helping the poor.
Expressions:
Tener que hacer algo: To have to do something
Translate: We have to go to the meeting.
Hay que hacer algo: One must do something.
Translate: One must talk more directly.
TAREA: 22 Febrero, 2012
Explicar brevemente sección teórica. Luego explicar los ejercicios asignados
sobre NOUNS y ADJETIVOS.
Nouns and Articles: Ejercicio J (10 oraciones); p. 207: Esperanza.
Nouns and Articles: Ejercicio T (10 oraciones); p. 215: Enrique.
Adjectives: Ejercicio C (7 oraciones); p. 219: Carmen.
Adjectives: Ejercicio H (10 oraciones); p. 223: Margarita.
Adjectives: Ejercicio P (8 oraciones); p. 232: María.
Adjectives: Ejercicio Z (10oraciones); p. 238: Tillo.
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